Supplements

Lobban, C.S. 1993. Supplement 5 (Part 1) Twenty-five Volume Index, 1964-1992, Volumes 1-25, including Supplements 1-3, I: Author and Title Index. Micronesica. Suppl. 5(1): 1-62. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1993.

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Supplement 5 (Part 1) Twenty-five Volume Index, 1964-1992, Volumes 1-25, including Supplements 1-3, I: Author and Title Index

Lobban, C.S.

Supplement 5 (Part 1)

Twenty-Five Volume Index, 1964-1992

Volumes 1-25, including Supplements 1-3

1: AUTHOR AND TITLE INDEXES
Part 1: Classified Contents, p. 3

Author-title index, p. 3

Anthropology, p. 3

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

ARCHAEOLOGY

ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Biology, p. 9

Botany, p. 10

ALGAE

PLANTAE

Microbiology, p. 19

Zoology, p. 19

BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES

TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATES

FISH

REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS

BIRDS

MAMMALS

Geology, p. 36

Water Chemistry, p. 37

Miscellaneous Papers & Notes, p. 37

Book Reviews, p. 38

Conference Proceedings, p. 41

Part 2: Author Index, p. 49

Suppl 5(1) was printed and included with Vol 26(2) in 1993.

Micronesica Suppl. 5(1): 1-62, 1993.

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Lobban, C.S.. 1999. Supplement 5 (Part 2) Twenty-five Volume Index, 1964-1992, Volumes 1-25, including Supplements 1-3, II: Subject Index. Micronesica. Suppl. 5(2): 63-117. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 November 1999.

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Supplement 5 (Part 2) Twenty-five Volume Index, 1964-1992, Volumes 1-25, including Supplements 1-3, II: Subject Index

Lobban, C.S..

Supplement 5 (Part 2)

Twenty-five Volume Index,

1964-1992

Volumes 1-25, including Supplements 1-3

II: SUBJECT INDEX2

CHRISTOPHER S. LOBBAN

Contents

Dates of Publication, p. 64

Part 3: Newly Described Taxa, p. 65

Part 4: General Subject Index, p. 72

Suppl 5(2) was printed and included with Vol 32(1) in 1999.

Micronesica Suppl. 5(2): 63-117, 1999.

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1. Waterhouse, D.F. 1993. Biological Control in the Oceanic West Pacific: an Overview. Micronesica. Suppl. 4: 1-9. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1993.

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Biological Control in the Oceanic West Pacific: an Overview

Waterhouse, D.F.

The Pacific, largest of all oceans, contains some 25,000 islands, more than half the world's total. Because almost all of the food plants and pests are introduced, biological control of pests is highly appropriate for oceanic islands, particularly those with small human populations and extreme shortage of foreign exchange for purchasing pesticides. Indeed pest surveys in the south Pacific have shown that 85% or more of the major insect pests are introduced, particularly from Southeast Asia. Furthermore about 95% of the major weeds are introduced, most from Central or South America. In most instances these insect and weed pests are of much less importance in their area of origin because of attack by natural enemies. Classical biological control consists of introducing and establishing selected natural enemies when careful tests indicate that it is safe to do so.

Success rate in islands (Hawaii, in particular) or ecological islands (Australia, California) is the highest in the world, but has been very variable in most Pacific islands. For a decade after the late 1920's there was, however, a notable sequence of successes in Fiji, unmatched elsewhere in the South Pacific. It is very encouraging to report that, since the mid 1980's, a steadily growing and well supported momentum has been generated for biological control and this has already led to several significant successes, with more in prospect.

Nevertheless, the need for biological control programs in the Pacific is likely to increase greatly in the future as air travel and tourism expand. In Hawaii, for example, an average of 3.5 pests per year become established and in Guam about 2.5 pests per year, most nowadays coming from the Americas. In an effort to reduce the number of pest invasions the XIX International Congress of Entomology resolved to recommend

to all Pacific Nations that they take urgent action to ensure (i) effective inspection of all incoming packages, including first class mail and (ii) effective insecticide treatment of all aircraft flying to and between Pacific countries.

Micronesica Suppl. 4: 1-9, 1993.

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1. Miller, R.H. 2003. Introduction. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 1-2. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Introduction

Miller, R.H.

The 10th Inter-Congress of the Pacific Science Association was held June 1–6, 2001 on Guam. A total of 275 reviewed abstracts were accepted for presentation in 18 symposia that covered a range of subjects from “Oceanic Librarianship” to “Changing Patterns of Health in the Pacific and Asian Regions.” Under the direction of Dean Joyce Marie Camacho, the University of Guam’s Graduate School & Research was the overall host institution for the Inter-Congress.

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Micronesica Suppl. 7: 1-2, 2003.

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1. Muniappan, R. 2002. Preface: Invasive Species and Their Management. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 1-2. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Preface: Invasive Species and Their Management

Muniappan, R.

The General Assembly of the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) in 1982 rang a wake up call on the global significance of the biological invasions. Almost two centuries before this event, the alien invasive problem was recognized in India due to the difficulties caused by the introduction of a cactus, Opuntia vulgaris Miller (Cactaceae). It was controlled by introducing the cochineal insect, Dactylopius ceylonicus (Green) (Homoptera: Dactylopiidae) (Tryon 1910). This was the first record of the biological control of a weed.

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Micronesica Suppl. 6: 1-2, 2002.

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1. Lobban, C.S. 1990. Preface. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: i Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Preface

Lobban, C.S.

During the course of more than twenty years of publishing, Micronesica has had several special issues containing papers from conferences held at the University of Guam. These have included "Island Ecosystems of the Pacific Basin" (vol. 3, no. I, 1967) and "Conservation of Pacific Islands" (vol. 5, no. 2, 1969). We also published one previous Supplement, in 1979: "Archeological Test Excavations: Palau Islands." I am pleased that the organizers of the Micronesian Archaeology Conference selected Micronesica as the vehicle for their conference proceedings.

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Micronesica Suppl. 2: i 1990.

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1. Scudder, G.G.E. 1991. Introductory Remarks. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: v-vi. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Introductory Remarks

Scudder, G.G.E.

On behalf of the Pacific Science Association, I wish to welcome everyone to this workshop. The PSA is an international, non-governmental, regional scientific organization founded in Hawaii in 1920. It is thus 70 years old this year.

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Micronesica Suppl. 3: v-vi, 1991.

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2. Beardsley, J.W. 1991. Introduction of Arthropod Pests into the Hawaiian Islands. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 1-4. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Introduction of Arthropod Pests into the Hawaiian Islands

Beardsley, J.W.

Abstract-Nearly all pest arthropods now present in Hawaii are nonnative species that have been introduced to the island since their discovery by man ca. 1,000 years ago. A few introduced pests, such as houseflies, head and pubic lice, and cockroaches, were present at the time of European discovery (mid to late 18th century), presumably as a result of Polynesian exploration and trade. Accidental introductions of pest arthropods became more common during the 19th century as a result of commerce with the outside world, and this trend has accelerated during the 20th century, despite the application of quarantine regulations during the 1890s. The advent of regular trans-Pacific air travel during the 1940s and of jet aircraft during the 1960s have provided new opportunities for rapid dispersal of pest arthropods, to Hawaii and throughout the Pacific Basin. These are exemplified by recent epidemic outbreaks of such new pests as the spiraling whitefly, the leucaena psyllid and the melon thrips. Due to the constantly increasing volume of transPacific air traffic to Hawaii, and to the existence there of many underutilized ecological niches, it appears likely that new pests will continue to become established there at a relatively high rate, despite improvements in quarantine enforcement and pest detection techniques.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 1-4, 1991.

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2. Beardsley, J.W. 1993. Exotic Terrestrial Arthropods in the Hawaiian Islands: Origins and Impacts. Micronesica. Suppl. 4: 11-15. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1993.

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Exotic Terrestrial Arthropods in the Hawaiian Islands: Origins and Impacts

Beardsley, J.W.

More than 98% of arthropod pests now present in the Hawaiian Islands were accidentally introduced by man, the majority since Hawaii was colonized by Europeans about 200 years ago. During the past 50 years, new exotic arthropods have become established at the rate of nearly 20 per year, including, on average, 3 new pests of economic significance. Major increases in the speed and volume of overseas air traffic have materially increased the rate of new pest introduction during the past 25 years. Many new potential pests arrive in Hawaii with no effective natural enemies. In such cases, initial population growth is often exponential, leading to major pest outbreaks ( e.g. Bactrocera dorsalis 1946-48, Nezara viridula 1962-64, Aleurodicus dispersus 1978-80, Heteropsylla cubana 1984-86). Most new pests in Hawaii have originated from North America, Asia and the south Pacific, but during the past 15 years new Neotropical pests have become noticeably more frequent (e.g. Aleurodicus dispersus, Heteropsylla cubana, Hypothenemus obscurus). Biological control usually is the tactic of first choice to combat new pests in Hawaii. Success has ranged from complete (A. dispersus) or substantial (N. viridula) to partial (B. dorsalis). For some introduced pests (e.g. Adoretus sinicus) attempts at biological control have been largely ineffective. Unless more effective quarantine measures can be implemented, a continuation of the present high rate of new pests establishment in Hawaii is likely.

Micronesica Suppl. 4: 11-15, 1993.

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2. Brown, J.W. 2003. Agricultural Research Institutions in the Tropical Insular Pacific. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 3-11. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Agricultural Research Institutions in the Tropical Insular Pacific

Brown, J.W.

Agricultural research is an essential component of any program to increase the sustainability of agriculture. Agricultural research is necessary to help farmers deal with diseases and pests. With the dramatic increases in travel and trade of the twentieth-century, even the traditional agricultural practices of relatively iso-lated islands in the Pacific have come under threat from introductions of exotic diseases and pests. Agricultural research also is needed to develop sustainable production practices and to adapt new technologies and cultivars to local conditions. Many of the traditional agricultural practices used in the tropical Pacific become non-sustainable when they are intensified due to increases in population, or due to movement from subsistence to market production. Cultivars and practices developed elsewhere may not be suitable for the climates and soils of the tropical Pacific. For those agricultural products that are produced for export markets, local research is necessary to adapt to the constantly changing demands of these markets.

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Micronesica Suppl. 7: 3-11, 2003.

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2. LeBeck, L.M. 2002. Recommendations for Managing Invasive Species in the Pacific Basin. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 3 Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Recommendations for Managing Invasive Species in the Pacific Basin

LeBeck, L.M.

Funding programs should support comprehensive, competitive, regional projects in the Pacific Basin targeted at building the capacity (i.e. Personnel, Internet enhancement, and training needs) necessary to identify and stop the spread of invasive species within the country and beyond.

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Micronesica Suppl. 6: 3 2002.

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2. Hunter-Anderson, R.L. 1990. Foreword. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: ii-iii. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Foreword

Hunter-Anderson, R.L.

This volume contains a selection of papers presented at the Micronesian Archaeological Conference, convened on Guam September 9-12, 1987. The Guam conference was the first international scholarly meeting entirely devoted to Micronesian prehistory and physical anthropology. It was jointly sponsored by the University of Guam and the IndoPacific Prehistory Association and was funded in part by the University of Guam, the National Science Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. In-kind support was provided by the Government of Guam Department of Parks and Recreation. On behalf of conference co-organizer Michael Graves and my colleagues at the University of Guam, it is a pleasure to acknowledge the generous support of these agencies. Without it we could not have had such a productive and enjoyable meeting nor indeed have produced the present volume.

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Micronesica Suppl. 2: ii-iii, 1990.

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3. Hunter-Anderson, R.L. 1990. Micronesian Archaeological Conference Resolutions. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 1-2. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Micronesian Archaeological Conference Resolutions

Hunter-Anderson, R.L.

I. Whereas additional research in linguistics, particularly historical linguistics, could help to answer many questions about population movements in Micronesia, and whereas research of this kind in the Micronesian region has been comparatively neglected,
Resolved: that linguistic research should be fostered and efforts made to stimulate linguistic interest in this region.

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Micronesica Suppl. 2: 1-2, 1990.

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3. McConnell, J., R. Barber & M. Denney. 2003. The PEOPLE Project: Resource Library for Extension Programs in the Tropics. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 13-15. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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The PEOPLE Project: Resource Library for Extension Programs in the Tropics

McConnell, J., R. Barber & M. Denney.

The Portable Extension Office for Program Literature Exchange (PEOPLE) project aims to expand the sustainable agriculture information resources available to agriculture professionals and their clients in the islands of the Western Pacific. The project has identified, obtained, and disseminated literature, in digital format (web site and CDROM), through extension institutes and non government organizations (NGO) worldwide that relate to tropical sustainable agriculture issues and practices. At the participating project sites, staff skills have been updated to include use of various types of computer equipment, software, and information resources to enable the effective implementation of “print-on-demand” program literature exchanges. Issues identified in the project’s implementation and future efforts are presented.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 13-15, 2003.

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3. Nafus, D.M. 1993. Biological Control Agents and Native Parasitoids in the Population System of the Butterfly Hypolimnas bolina (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Micronesica. Suppl. 4: 17-23. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1993.

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Biological Control Agents and Native Parasitoids in the Population System of the Butterfly Hypolimnas bolina (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Nafus, D.M.

Over 100 species of parasitic and predacious insects have been deliberately introduced for biological control of pests on Guam. A population of the butterfly Hypolimnas bolina was studied to determine mortality factors and to see if there were serious effects on this nontarget butterfly. Only two species introduced for biological control, Trichogramma chilonis and Brachymeria lasus, were found attacking H. bolina. Both species are known generalists that attack a wide variety of hosts. H. bolina failed to reproduce in the study site in 17 of 22 months. This failure resulted from a combination of predation by ants on eggs, larvae and pupae, and parasitisation of eggs by two species of native parasitoid. The native parasitoids caused density dependent mortality. Ant predation was inversely density dependent. Populations of H. bolina were little influenced by T. chilonis, but B. lasus parasitized 24% of the pupae and was an important mortality factor in two of the months when reproductive efforts failed. Generalist parasitoids such as T. chilonis and B. lasus should not be imported for biological control purposes.

Micronesica Suppl. 4: 17-23, 1993.

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3. Klassen, W., C.F. Brodel & D.A. Fieselmann. 2002. Exotic Pests of Plants: Current and Future Threats to Horticultural Production and Trade in Florida and the Caribbean Basin. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 5-27. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Exotic Pests of Plants: Current and Future Threats to Horticultural Production and Trade in Florida and the Caribbean Basin

Klassen, W., C.F. Brodel & D.A. Fieselmann.

The threat of exotic pest organisms to horticultural industries and to imports and exports of agricultural products in the Caribbean Basin and Florida is extremely serious. The rate of establishment of exotic pests in Florida exceeds that in California and rivals that in Hawai‘i. During the past 2 decades, Asia has become almost as important as the neotropics as a main source of invaders, and there has been an increase in establishment rates for species belonging to the Acari, Homoptera and Thysanoptera. Efforts to contain and eradicate newly established immigrant pest populations have been limited to only a few major pests. We determined that roughly 130 significant exotic arthropod pests are present in the Caribbean, sensu lato, but not yet in Florida, as well as substantial numbers external to the Caribbean Basin.
The United States has relied on inspection of arriving cargo and passengers at the port of entry as one of the main approaches to exclusion of exotic pests. Since volumes of arriving cargo are doubling every six years , this approach is no longer adequate. Thus the National Plant Board asserted that the U.S. safeguarding system should shift primary reliance from port-of-entry inspection to off-shore actions, including risk mitigation in production areas, certification of pest-free status at point of origin and pre-clearance at the port of export. Off-shore risk can be mitigated by area-wide biologically-based suppression, creation of pest-free production areas and inspection, treatment (if necessary) and certification at the port of export. Most compelling for Florida would be the regionalization of pest exclusion programs throughout the Caribbean Basin, because a dangerous organism that establishes in one of the countries quickly endangers the entire Basin.

Micronesica Suppl. 6: 5-27, 2002.

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3. Schreiner, I.H. 1991. Sources of New Insects Established on Guam in the Post World War II Period. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 5-13. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Sources of New Insects Established on Guam in the Post World War II Period

Schreiner, I.H.

The introduction of exotic species into Guam is a continuing problem, with the many serious insect pests being post World War II introductions. In the 1980s at least 25 new species were accidentally introduced. New pests include a grasshopper, a scarab beetle, several noctuid moths and a variety of small beetles, scales, thrips, whiteflies. In the last decade about one-third of the new pests on Guam apparently originated from the New World via Hawaii. Other pests arrived from the Oriental region and from other islands in the Micronesian area. Although the mode of introduction of most insects cannot be determined with precision, it can be deduced in at least three recent cases, one having arrived via an Air Force flight, and two having arrived with commercial shipments of ornamentals from Hawaii. The movement of ornamental plants and flowers is probably the most important means by which insects are currently moved around the Pacific region.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 5-13, 1991.

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4. Nafus, D. 1991. Movement of New Insects into the Carolines and Marshalls in Recent Years. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 15-31. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Movement of New Insects into the Carolines and Marshalls in Recent Years

Nafus, D.

In 1986, surveys of crop insects were conducted in Palau, Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, Kosrae, and in 1989, in Jaluit and Majuro. In the Marshalls, 20 species of insects were found to have entered Majuro or Jaluit for the first time. Of these, ten species were new to the Marshalls, and the rest were already present on other atolls. Using 1975 as the base year, Majuro acquired 16 new records, corresponding to a rate of 1.1 new pests per year, and Jaluit had nine new records, or 0.6 new insects per year. These rates are lower than those for Guam, which got 2.5 new introductions per year during the 1980s. In the Carolines, between 1976 and 1986, Pohnpei acquired about 1.4 new insects per year, Yap 1.1, Palau 0. 7, Kosrae 0. 7, and Chuuk 0.6. Many of the new records in the Carolines were range extensions of insects already present. In both the Carolines and the Marshalls, scales, whiteflies, and other Homoptera accounted for most of the new introductions, but new species of moths, beetles, flies, and thrips were represented as well.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 15-31, 1991.

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4. Saragih, H., H. Okuhira & S. Yoshida. 2003. Influence of Transmigration on Sustainable Agriculture in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 17-40. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Influence of Transmigration on Sustainable Agriculture in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Saragih, H., H. Okuhira & S. Yoshida.

In the 31 years of the Sulawesi transmigration program that ended in 1998, a strong correlation between population and food crops production was observed. As a product of the increasing numbers of people added each year, the Sulawesi population grew by 2.99% with food production increasing by 4.87%. This study indicates that it is feasible, using system dynamics, to simulate sustainable agriculture while concurrently estimating population increase and land availability. From 1998, the model used a time span of 50 years. Analysis shows that the agricultural land sector grew steeply from the 20th to 30th year, overshooting the population curve. From the 25th year on, nonagricultural land increased while agricultural labor decreased. Results likewise show that population/land and population/agricultural land declined until the 30th year, and growth was reduced by as much as 50%. Until the 27th year, the ratio of agricultural production to population had been adequate. All variables in the system have been equilibrium-seeking since the 30th year. The fundamental role of resource constraints in controlling growth and bringing about equilibrium is clearly observed in this model. This study also shows that agricultural land development precedes nonagricultural land development. Agricultural land decline is mainly due to nonagricultural land conversion, such as for public facilities, environmental purposes, and other construction. Deregulation in the form of a multiplier and an adaptive system construction is needed to sustain agriculture from the 30th year.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 17-40, 2003.

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4. Sands, D.P.A., Liebregts, W.J.M.M. & R.J. Broe. 1993. Biological Control of the Fruit Piercing Moth, Othreis fullonia (Clerck) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Pacific. Micronesica. Suppl. 4: 25-31. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1993.

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Biological Control of the Fruit Piercing Moth, Othreis fullonia (Clerck) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Pacific

Sands, D.P.A., Liebregts, W.J.M.M. & R.J. Broe.

Adults of the fruit piercing moth Othreis fulIonia are serious pests of ripening fruit in most islands of the western Pacific, eastern Australia and parts of Southeast Asia. In some countries egg parasitoids are abundant, contributing to biological control of the moth but few natural enemies of larvae are effective. In Papua New Guinea, O. fulIonia is not sufficiently abundant to be considered a pest due, it is believed, to the activity of natural enemies, particularly egg parasitoids.
The most active hymenopterous egg parasitoids from Papua New Guinea, a Telenomus sp. and an Ooencyrtus sp. have been established in Western Samoa in 1988 and in Fiji in 1990 respectively. The abundance of eggs of O. fulIonia and the number hatching have declined in Western Samoa since establishment of Telenomus sp. The contribution by egg parasitoids to biological control of O. fullonia in the Pacific is discussed.

Micronesica Suppl. 4: 25-31, 1993.

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4. Wall, G.C. 2002. Microscopic Aliens Threatening the Pacific Region. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 29-33. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Microscopic Aliens Threatening the Pacific Region

Wall, G.C.

Exotic agricultural pests are constantly finding their way into new geographic locations. In the Pacific region, island nations have enjoyed the benefit of being isolated until the last couple of centuries. The advent of air travel has really accelerated the rate of spread of exotic pests, and this is causing new pest outbreaks in the region even today. One part of this paper is dedicated to considering how existing pest information could be used to reduce this spread of exotic pests into the Pacific region, and more specifically, into the island of Guam. The second part looks at Tinangaja, a unique coconut disease occurring only on Guam, and how it could be prevented from spreading elsewhere.

Micronesica Suppl. 6: 29-33, 2002.

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4. Hunter-Anderson, R.L & M.W. Graves. 1990. Coming from Where? An Introduction to Recent Advances in Micronesian Archaeology. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 5-16. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Coming from Where? An Introduction to Recent Advances in Micronesian Archaeology

Hunter-Anderson, R.L & M.W. Graves.

'Coming from where' in the title of this introductory paper is intended to convey the idea that the first international conference on Micronesian archaeology and physical anthropology, convened on Guam in September 1987, not only considered the geographic and racial origins of the indigenous peoples of this vast oceanic region, nor only the variations in cultural adaptations that have evolved in the Micronesian islands over the last three or four thousand years. In its topical and geographic breadth the conference also highlighted the variety of motivations, backgrounds, and agendas of the practitioners of the art, some would say science, some would say hobby, some would even say business, of prehistoric and historic archaeology in the western Pacific. Micronesian archaeology today is, indeed, coming from several places.

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Micronesica Suppl. 2: 5-16, 1990.

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5. Athens, J.S. 1990. Nan Madol Pottery, Pohnpei. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 17-32. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Nan Madol Pottery, Pohnpei

Athens, J.S.

Over 7,000 pottery sherds have been recently collected from the Nan Madol site on the island of Pohnpei. A formal description of the pottery is presented, and comparisons with the pottery of other Micronesian islands are made. A series of 36 radiocarbon dates provides a wellgrounded chronology for the Nan Madol pottery. Distributional patterns of pottery at Nan Madol are discussed. It is concluded that I) the pottery is likely a Late Lapila Plain Ware variant, 2) an "island hopping" mode of initial settlement in Micronesia is unlikely, 3) the original settlers may have come directly from the Southeast Solomon or New Hebrides areas, and 4) there was little contact between Pohnpei and the various Micronesian islands after initial settlement.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 17-32, 1990.

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5. Muniappan, R., Denton, G.R.W., Marutani, M., Lali, T.S. & C.A. Kimmons. 1993. Fruit Piercing Moths in Micronesia and their Natural Enemies. Micronesica. Suppl. 4: 33-39. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1993.

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Fruit Piercing Moths in Micronesia and their Natural Enemies

Muniappan, R., Denton, G.R.W., Marutani, M., Lali, T.S. & C.A. Kimmons.

Four primary fruit piercing moths (Noctuidae) are currently found in Micronesia. They are Othereis fullonia (Marianas, Palau, Pohnpei and Kosrae), Ercheia dubia (Guam, Rota, Tinian and Saipan), Pericyma cruegeri (Guam, Rota and Palau) and Platyja umminia (Guam). All inflict moderate to severe damage on a variety of citrus and soft fruits at certain times of the year and, in this regard, O. fullonia is considered to be the most important species throughout the region. This species is native to Asia where the larvae feed on various vines (Menispermaceae) in contrast to the Pacific region where they feed almost exclusively on certain Erythrina spp. (Fabaceae). Although both groups of plants are unrelated taxonomically, they contain similarly structured tetracyclic erythrina-type alkaloids which, we believe, provide the chemical stimulus for host plant selection and thus play a key role in the successful shift from primary to secondary host species. The larval host plants of P. cruegeri are well known (Delonix regia and Peltophorum pterocarpum), whereas those of E. dubia and P. umminia remain to be determined.
Several natural enemies of O. fullonia are known and the microhymenopteran egg parasitoids, Telenomus sp., Ooencyrtus sp. (both density dependent) and Trichogramma sp. (density independent) rank among the most successful biological control agents. Trichogramma sp. also parasitize the eggs of P. cruegeri and the pupae of this species are attacked by two other parasitoids, Exorista civiloides and Brachymeria sp.

Micronesica Suppl. 4: 33-39, 1993.

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5. Daehler, C.C. & N. Dudley. 2002. Impact of the black twig borer, an introduced insect pest, on Acacia koa in the Hawaiian Islands. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 35-53. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Impact of the black twig borer, an introduced insect pest, on Acacia koa in the Hawaiian Islands

Daehler, C.C. & N. Dudley.

The Asian black twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus Eichhoff 1875) became naturalized in the Hawaiian Islands in the 1960s. It attacks economically important plants (e.g. coffee) as well as endangered endemic trees. This study examined the impact of the black twig borer on koa (Acacia koa), an economically important native tree that is harvested for its fine wood. The black twig borer tunnels into healthy branches, inoculating the wood with a fungus, Fusarium solani. We tested whether F. solani is pathogenic to koa by inoculating seedlings and saplings with the fungus. We found that F. solani was not pathogenic to koa. Nevertheless, in both natural and plantation settings the beetle caused significant mortality in koa seedlings and small saplings. Mortality was associated with boring into the stem, which often caused the main stem to break. The beetles also attacked live twigs on larger saplings and trees, causing flagging, but this damage was not correlated with tree mortality and did not appear to affect koa growth rates. The main source of mortality among older saplings was infection by the vascular wilt fungus, F. oxysporum. This fungus did not appear to be spread by the black twig borer. The main economic and ecological impact of the black twig borer on koa is in the seedling and small sapling stages. In a plantation setting, these impacts could be reduced by outplanting larger saplings and/or genetic selection for resistance. We found significant genetic variation among koa maternal families in rates of black twig borer attack.

Micronesica Suppl. 6: 35-53, 2002.

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5. Naholowaa, L.Q., M. Marutani & M.K. Wayte. 2003. Concept Test of Value-added Root Crops. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 41-53. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Concept Test of Value-added Root Crops

Naholowaa, L.Q., M. Marutani & M.K. Wayte.

A concept test was conducted to assess local awareness of traditional root crops and to study the market potential for value-added products made from taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott), sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam). and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). The test design was a self-evaluating survey that was used to explore (1) the level of consumption of chips and baked/fried foods, (2) the interest level of foods made from root crops, and (3) the level of interest of “Made in Guam” products. One hundred thirty respondents between the ages of 18–54 representing Guam’s consumer population were analyzed in a survey that was conducted from March to May 2000. The most popular type of value-added product was sweetpotato chips, followed by sweetpotato bread, cassava cake, cassava pudding and cassava tamales. Of the 130 persons surveyed, 72% had consumed sweetpotato within the past three months, while more than 60% had eaten cassava and 55% had eaten taro. Results suggest that there is a market potential for value-added foods made from these tropical root crops. The survey also shows that there is interest in “Made in Guam” foods.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 41-53, 2003.

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5. Wall, G.C. 1991. Plant Diseases of Recent Introduction to Guam. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 41-45. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Plant Diseases of Recent Introduction to Guam

Wall, G.C.

Over 50 new reports of plant diseases were included in the Guam Agricultural Experiment Station Annual report of 1988. Some have evidently been here for some time but have escaped detection previously; others are recent introductions. Bacterial blight of cassava (Xanthomonas campestris pv. manihotis) was first detected in 1986. Fruit blotch of watermelon (Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes subsp. citrulli) was first seen in 1987; several damaging blotch epidemics have resulted in serious economic losses to watermelon growers. A sample of a lanzones tree (Lansium domesticum) with stem galls was found to have plant parasitic nematodes. Leaf scald of cabbage was found in 1988; it is caused by a strain of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, the same bacterium causing black rot. More recently, Bacterial leaf blight (Pseudomonas avenae) and leaf blight (Bipolaris maydis) have been found on com. Some control measures are suggested that can slow the rate of pest importation.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 41-45, 1991.

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6. Russell, R.C. 1991. Introduced Vector-Borne Diseases in the Pacific. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 33-39. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Introduced Vector-Borne Diseases in the Pacific

Russell, R.C.

The major vector borne diseases relate to infections with malarial, filarial and arboviral pathogens. Within recent decades the actual or potential movement of these pathogens and/or their vectors into or within the Pacific Region has concerned national and international health authorities. The introduction of vectors of malaria into areas where they do not exist is a major concern; the appearance of exotic Anopheles species and instances of local malaria transmission in Guam illustrate this concern, and islands of the southwest Pacific remain vulnerable. Dengue fever has been active in recent years and, although some indigenous mosquitoes are vectors, further dispersal of the efficient exotic vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus in the region should be prevented because of their domestic habits. Other arboviruses also constitute a threat; the introduction of Ross River virus 10 years ago was an instance where local mosquitoes were competent vectors of an exotic pathogen. Filarisasis is not considered an acute problem but efficient Aedes vectors (which may also be arbovirus vectors) should not be allowed to spread to areas with less competent indigenous filarial vectors. Vector control can be difficult once exotic pests are established; quarantine provisions, and efficient routine surveillance and control operations can be used to help prevent many of the above concerns.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 33-39, 1991.

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6. Butler, B.M. 1990. Pots As Tools: The Marianas Case. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 33-46. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Pots As Tools: The Marianas Case

Butler, B.M.

Archaeologists have traditionally approached ceramic analysis with culture-historical objectives such as the delineation of certain horizon markers or the separation of various temporal units or ceramic producing groups. An important point, often neglected by archaeologists, is that pots are tools-complex pieces of technology that are designed to perform specific tasks. As such, significant technological changes in a ceramic tradition may have major implications for changes in vessel function. Ceramic data from the Marianas are reviewed in this light with particular attention on the major changes that characterize Lane Period ceramics. Certain of these changes are argued to have functional significance with wider implications for late prehistoric subsistence.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 33-46, 1990.

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6. Room, P.M. 1993. Biological Control of Floating Weeds in the Pacific: History and Status. Micronesica. Suppl. 4: 41-47. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1993.

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Biological Control of Floating Weeds in the Pacific: History and Status

Room, P.M.

Biological control has solved many major problems caused by floating weeds and insects have been the best control agents. The most important of these weeds originated in South America and caused problems when they were introduced elsewhere in the tropics and subtropics. The search for control agents started in the 1960's and now most infestations of alligator weed, salvinia and water lettuce, and many of water hyacinth, have been brought under biological control. There has not been a single case of an agent becoming a pest following control. Significant infestations of some floating weeds remain in Africa, Madagascar, the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia due to administrative rather than scientific difficulties. Several other floating plants, notably members of the fern genus Salvinia in South America and Asia, are likely to become important weeds if (when?) they become established outside their native continents. If quarantine measures fail to prevent this, prospects for their biological control are good. Reasons include past experience, extensive vegetative propagation/genetic uniformity in these plants, and, in free-floating plants, packing together of individuals by the wind which maximises the searching efficiency of control agents.

Micronesica Suppl. 4: 41-47, 1993.

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6. Prasad, R. 2003. Aquaculture Potential in Fiji and Other Pacific Island Countries. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 55-67. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Aquaculture Potential in Fiji and Other Pacific Island Countries

Prasad, R.

Examples of aquaculture ventures in the Pacific Islands show that reasonable development has occurred. While some earlier and illplanned projects failed, recent initiatives have shown good results. Future prospects look good for pearl oyster, seaweed, marine and freshwater shrimps, and tilapia. A number of pitfalls must be avoided, however, for aquaculture to reach its potential for economic development in the islands.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 55-67, 2003.

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6. Marler, T.E. 2002. Conservation of Local Genotypes When Planting Native Plants on Guam. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 55-60. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Conservation of Local Genotypes When Planting Native Plants on Guam

Marler, T.E.

The invasion of ecosystems by exotic plants and animals is a major environmental threat. Examples of exotic plant species threatening various ecosystems are described within these proceedings. The focus on invasion at the whole plant and population levels often overlooks a more insidious invasion, that of non-native genes into resident populations of native plants. Native plant species have been and will continue to be used in the urban landscape and ecological restoration. Failure to consider the genetics of native planting stock may lead to failed plantings or to introduction of foreign genes into native plants surrounding a restoration site. Eradication of invasive exotic plants in restoration efforts is costly but achievable. The eradication of escaped genes that have invaded native resident populations, however, may not be achievable. Characteristics of the degraded site, abiotic environment of the disturbance, and genetic structure of the native plant species being considered for re-vegetation are some of the critical concepts to consider in ecological genetics.

Micronesica Suppl. 6: 55-60, 2002.

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7. McConnell, J. & R. Muniappan. 1991. ntroduced Ornamental Plants that Have Become Weeds on Guam. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 47-49. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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ntroduced Ornamental Plants that Have Become Weeds on Guam

McConnell, J. & R. Muniappan.

Introduced ornamental plants that are considered weeds on Guam include Antigonon leptopus Hooker & Amott, Spathodea campanulata Beauv., Coccinea grandis, Bauhinia monandra Kurz., Clerodendrum quadriloculare (Blanco) Merrill, Lantana camara L., Ficus spp., Asystasia gangetica (L.), Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm., Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitche., Mikania scandens and Mimosa pudica L. Characteristics of ornamental plants that could become weeds on Guam include rapid growth/regrowth and prolific seed production.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 47-49, 1991.

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7. Carucci, J. & S. Mitchell. 1990. Lime-Encrusted Shell Artifacts and the Prehistoric Use of Slaked Lime. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 47-64. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Lime-Encrusted Shell Artifacts and the Prehistoric Use of Slaked Lime

Carucci, J. & S. Mitchell.

During recent excavations on Rota in the Mariana Islands, a number of shell artifacts which contained multiple layers of a carbonate compound were recovered. These artifacts are related to the manufacture and use of burned lime, and fall into two categories: lime scoops or containers, and bivalve scrapers. Samples of the carbonate material from several of the artifacts were tested with an X-ray powder diffractometer and compared to the deposits which remained in several non-artifact shells. Natural carbonate encrustations can be differentiated from deposits of culturally produced lime, allowing lime-encrusted shells to be sorted into artifact and nonartifact categories. A typology of the artifacts related to the use of slaked lime is presented, and the function of the different artifact types is discussed.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 47-64, 1990.

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7. Schreiner, I.H. & D.M. Nafus. 1993. Population Increases of Native Moths Following Biological Control of an Introduced Pest Moth. Micronesica. Suppl. 4: 49-56. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1993.

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Population Increases of Native Moths Following Biological Control of an Introduced Pest Moth

Schreiner, I.H. & D.M. Nafus.

Populations of several species of Lepidoptera consuming mango leaves and flowers increased after successful biological control of the noctuid caterpillar Penicillaria jocosatrix on Guam. These included the geometrids Anisodes illepidaria, Thalassodes sp. and Chloroclystis sp. and the noctuid Nanaguna breviuscula. A. illepidaria populations increased 10 fold, and became damaging at certain times of the year. A comparison of its larval biology with that of P. jocosatrix suggested that there was indirect competition, and the larger, earlier, P. jocosatrix was preempting resources. The other moths increased, apparently as a result of increased flowering of the mango trees as a result of suppression of P. jocosatrix. The introduced biological control agents acted as keystone natural enemies and increased the resources available for other Lepidoptera. Implications in relation to ecological effects of biocontrol introductions are discussed.

Micronesica Suppl. 4: 49-56, 1993.

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7. Josekutty, P.C., E.E. Wakuk & M.J. Joseph. 2002. Invasive/Weedy Angiosperms in Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 61-65. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Invasive/Weedy Angiosperms in Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia

Josekutty, P.C., E.E. Wakuk & M.J. Joseph.

An updated account of alien angiosperm species in Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), based on a recent survey of flora in Kosrae is presented. A few highly potent invasive species in Kosrae are Merremia peltata (L.) Merr., Vigna marina (Burm f.) Merr., Panicum maximum Jacq., Pennisetum polystachyon Schult., Saccharum spontaneum L., Commelina diffusa Burn., Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson, Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn., Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitche and the parasitic weed Cuscuta filiformis L.

Micronesica Suppl. 6: 61-65, 2002.

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7. Sablan, P. & M. Marutani. 2003. Nitrogen Fixing Trees Suitable for Diversified Soils on Guam. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 69-75. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Nitrogen Fixing Trees Suitable for Diversified Soils on Guam

Sablan, P. & M. Marutani.

Plant development of eight nitrogen fixing trees (NFTs) as potential hedgerow plants were evaluated on three soil regimes on Guam. Test plants included Acacia angustissima (Mill.) Kuntze, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner, Desmodium rensonii, Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Merr., Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp., Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit cv. K636, and Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. cv. Nubica. NFTs other than F. macrophylla and C. calothyrsus yielded more than 11 t ha–1 of biomass in the soil of Udic Haplustalfs at Barrigada, in central Guam. L. leucocephala cv. K636 produced the greatest biomass of 26.1 t ha–1 in the trial, followed by S. sesban cv. Nubica with 19.9 t ha–1. The average biomass of eight NFTs was 3.63 t ha–1 in very shallow Yigo soil classified as Lithic Ustorthents. L. leucocephala, yielding 12.3 t ha^–1, was the only promising NFT in this location. In the acidic Oxic Haplustalfs soil in Ija, in southern Guam, F. macrophylla, S. sesban, G. sepium, and D. rensonii produced about the same amount of biomass, ranging from 6.6 to 4.8 t ha^–1 while L. leucocephala, A. angustissima, and C. calothyrsus grew very poorly.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 69-75, 2003.

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8. Mochida, O. 1991. Spread of Freshwater Pomacea Snails (Pilidae, Mollusca) from Argentina to Asia. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 51-62. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Spread of Freshwater Pomacea Snails (Pilidae, Mollusca) from Argentina to Asia

Mochida, O.

Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck) was introduced as a human food from Argentina into Taiwan (China) in 1979-80. It was introduced from Taiwan to Japan in 1981, the Philippines in 1982, China (Guangdong, Fuzhou, & Hangzhou) in March 1985, Korea (Suwon) in 1987 or earlier, Malaysia (Sarawak) in 1987 or earlier, and Indonesia and Thailand by 1989. The snail has escaped from aquaculture and established in open fields affecting aquatic plants. Estimation of areas infested by this snail was 171,425 ha in Taiwan in 1986, 16,195 ha in Japan in 1989, and ca. 400,000 ha in the Philippines in 1989. In Japan ethylthimetone + thiocyclam G, cartap G, bensultap G, and IBP G are registered as snail repellents, and IBP G shows some toxicity. Calcium cyanamide is registered as a fertilizer with toxicity to snails. Metaldehyde, triphenyl-tin acetate, and niclosamide are not registered for control purposes because of high toxicity to fish. In Taiwan, however, metaldehyde and triphenyl-tin acetate are registered. In addition, the predatory black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus (Richardson)) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) are recommended as control agents. In the Philippines, 5 chemicals including triphenyl tin-acetate, niclosamide, and endosulfan are in the market. Hand-picking, ducks, setting of metal screens, etc. are also recommended. More effective methods of control have yet to be developed.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 51-62, 1991.

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8. Tauili'ili, P. & A.M. Vargo. 1993. History of Biological Control in American Samoa. Micronesica. Suppl. 4: 57-60. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1993.

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History of Biological Control in American Samoa

Tauili'ili, P. & A.M. Vargo.

Biological control has been one of the primary methods of managing pest problems in American Samoa since 1954. Early projects included the introduction of the toad, Bufo marinus, for mosquito and centipede control; Toxorhynchites sp. for mosquito control; two praying mantids for control of the coconut stick insect, Graejfea crouanii; baculovirus of Oryctes for the rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros; Tetrasticus brontispae for the coconut leaf hispa, Brontispa longissima; and Liothrips urichi for control of the weed Clidemia hirta. A major project has been the control of the giant African snail, Achatina fulica, by the predatory snails, Gonaxis kibweziensis and Euglandina rosea. More recent introductions include the predatory beetles, Nephaspis oculatus, N. bicolor and Delphastus pusillus, and the parasitic wasp, Encarsia haitiensis, for control of the spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus. Introductions to control the coconut scale, Aspidiotus destructor, include the predatory beetles, Pseudoscymnus anomalus, Rhyzobius satteles, Telsimia nitida and Chilochorus nigritus, and a parasitic wasp, Aphytis sp. The fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae, is being used to control B. longissima.

Micronesica Suppl. 4: 57-60, 1993.

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8. Pearsall, D.M. 1990. Application of Phytolith Analysis to Reconstruction of Past Environments and Subsistence: Recent Research in the Pacific. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 65-74. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Application of Phytolith Analysis to Reconstruction of Past Environments and Subsistence: Recent Research in the Pacific

Pearsall, D.M.

Study of phytoliths, plant opaline silica bodies, extracted from archaeological and geological sediments, is a valuable source of information on past subsistence and vegetation. Applications of the technique in the Pacific region are recent but have already contributed to vegetation reconstruction or identification of crops and agricultural activity in Hawaii, Micronesia, and the Philippines. Phytoliths are extracted from soil by heavy liquid flotation and identified by comparison with modern plant specimens. The relative abundance of different phytoliths in archaeological sediments is compared to their occurrence in soil from known vegetation formations to reconstruct past environments. While many cultivated and useful wild plants remain to be tested for phytolith production, progress has been made on identifying rice, millet, banana, and gourd. With the continued support of archaeologists, phytolith analysis will contribute significantly to our understanding of land use, cultivation practices, and vegetation change in the Pacific region.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 65-74, 1990.

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8. Viraktamath, C.A. 2002. Alien Invasive Insect and Mite Pests and Weeds in India and Their Management. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 67-83. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Alien Invasive Insect and Mite Pests and Weeds in India and Their Management

Viraktamath, C.A.

In the past ten years at least six species of insect and mite pests have invaded India affecting agricultural production. Some of the recent invasive pests in India are psyllid, Heteropsylla cubana Crawford on Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Witt; American serpentine leaf miner, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) on a number of vegetables and ornamental plants; coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) on coffee; spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell on a number of agricultural, horticultural crops and forest trees; Silver leaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring on tomato; and coconut mite, Aceria guerreronis Keifer on coconut. Outbreaks of coconut mite and silver leaf whitefly had devastating effects on the economy of the farming communities in south India. Some of the alien weeds that have invaded India are Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson; Ageratina adenophora (Sprengel); Parthenium hysterophorus Linnaeus; lantana, Lantana camera Linnaeus; mile-a-minute weed, Mikania micrantha Kunth; giant sensitive plant, Mimosa invisa Martius ex Colla; sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica Linnaeus; water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Martius); and salvinia, Salvinia molesta Mitchell. Classical biological control appears to be an important approach in the management of these invasive organisms in their new habitats. International cooperation for their effective management is of paramount importance as exchange of information on biology of invasive pests that are spreading their range and exchange of natural enemies, etc. can be effectively achieved by such cooperation.

Micronesica Suppl. 6: 67-83, 2002.

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8. Josekutty, P.C., S.S. Cornelius & T.N. Kilafwasru. 2003. Micropropagation of four Banana Cultivars in Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 77-81. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Micropropagation of four Banana Cultivars in Micronesia

Josekutty, P.C., S.S. Cornelius & T.N. Kilafwasru.

Four local cultivars of bananas (Musa spp.) in Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia (FSM)—Kufwafwa, Lacatan (dessert bananas), Apat regular and Apat fissuse (cooking bananas)—were subjected to micropropagation experiments at the Micronesia Plant Propagation Research Center (MPPRC), Kosrae during 1999–2000. Protocols for efficient micropropagation of these varieties were developed during the study. Surface sterilization procedures were modified to attain acceptable numbers of aseptic stage I cultures. All varieties studied responded to modified MS medium. Plant growth regulator, 6–Benzylaminopurine (BAP, 3–7 mg L^–1) requirements for different varieties were substantially distinct in terms of optimal growth and multiplication. Multiplication rates varied considerably between 20–30 (Apat regular) and 2–3 (Kufwafwa). Longitudinal splitting of the shoot tips improved the multiplication rate in all the varieties.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 77-81, 2003.

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9. Suta, A.R. & N.M. Esguerra. 1993. Recent History of Biological Control in the Freely Associated States of Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 4: 61-64. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1993.

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Recent History of Biological Control in the Freely Associated States of Micronesia

Suta, A.R. & N.M. Esguerra.

There have been many introductions of parasites and predators to the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) but, in the majority of cases, their impact on the populations of the pests for which they were introduced has not been assessed.
In recent years, the release of biocontrol agents has reduced pest abundance of (i) the coconut scale on Kapingmarangi, Pohnpei, FSM, and Majuro, Republic of the Marshall Islands; (ii) spiraling whitefly on Nukuoro Island and the main island of Pohnpei; (iii) orange spiny whitefly on Pohnpei, Kosrae, Chuuk and Yap, FSM; (iv) green stinkbug, (v) bean leafminer, (vi) Siam weed, and (vii) fluted scale on Pohnpei, FSM.

Micronesica Suppl. 4: 61-64, 1993.

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9. McCoid, M.J. 1991. Brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) on Guam: a Worst Case Scenario of an Introduced Predator. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 63-69. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) on Guam: a Worst Case Scenario of an Introduced Predator

McCoid, M.J.

Boiga irregularis was probably introduced on Guam a little over forty years ago. Since then, the snake population has become very dense and has been responsible for enormous biological, economic, and cultural damages. Because of severe reductions in vertebrate biodiversity, changes in insect densities and diversity and vegetational shifts should occur.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 63-69, 1991.

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9. Alkire, W.H. & K. Fujimura. 1990. Principles of Organization in the Outer Islands of Yap State and their Implications for Archaeology. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 75-88. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Principles of Organization in the Outer Islands of Yap State and their Implications for Archaeology

Alkire, W.H. & K. Fujimura.

Research in the outer islands of Yap state has demonstrated the widespread importance of the following organizational principles: matrilineal descent, sibling solidarity and primogeniture; a maritime and horticultural economic system within which male/female complementarity and opposition are emphasized; a hierarchical political order; and an ideology of dualism. This paper suggests how these principles may be reflected in the archaeological record, particularly with respect to changing settlement patterns and burial practices.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 75-88, 1990.

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9. Marutani, M. 2003. Sunnhemp, a Green Manure on Chinese Cabbage Production on Guam. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 83-91. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Sunnhemp, a Green Manure on Chinese Cabbage Production on Guam

Marutani, M.

Sunnhemp, Crotalaria juncea L. cv. Tropic Sun, was evaluated as a green manure crop in the vegetable production system in Pulantat soil (clayey, montmorillonitic, isohyperthermic, shallow Udic Haplustalf) during 1993 to 1996. A split plot design with four replications was used having an application of inorganic N urea fertilizers (224, 112, 56 and 0 kg ha–1) as a main plot and green manuring as a sub-plot. Sunnhemp was grown until the flowering stage and then incorporated into soil. Chinese cabbage, Brassica rapa L. var. chinensis L. cv. Speedy 602 was either directly sown in the field or transplanted. Sweet corn, Zea mays L. cv. Summer Sweet was planted after harvesting Chinese cabbage in 1995 and 1996 to examine plant response to residual soil nutrients. In 1994 Chinese cabbage yield was increased by N fertilizer application but not with green manuring. In both 1995 and 1996 the Chinese cabbage yield was increased by both green manuring and N-fertilizer application. Plant tissue analyses in 1995 showed that both green manuring and Nfertilizer application increased nitrate-N in petiole sap, and the total N in leaf tissues was increased as the amount of N application increased.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 83-91, 2003.

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9. Muniappan, R., J. Cruz & J. Bamba. 2002. Invasive Plants and Their Control in Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 85-92. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Invasive Plants and Their Control in Micronesia

Muniappan, R., J. Cruz & J. Bamba.

Several plants introduced accidentally or for ornamental purposes have established in Micronesia and are considered invasive species. These include: Antigonon leptopus Hooker & Arnott, Bidens pilosa L., Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson, Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don, Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt, Cuscuta sp., Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms-Laubach, Imperata conferta (Presl) Ohwi, Ipomea spp., Lantana camara L., Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) deWit, Mikania scandens (L.) Willd., Mimosa (invisa) diplotricha C. Wright ex Suavalle, Miscanthus floridulus (Labill.) Warburg ex Schum. & Lauterb., Momordica charantia L., Panicum maximum Jacquin, Passiflora foetida L., Pennisetum polystachyon (L.) Schultes, Piper auritum Kunth, Pistia stratiotes L., Raphidophora aurea (Linden ex Andre), Spathodea campanulata P. de Beauvois, and Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitche. The natural enemies introduced to suppress some of these species will be discussed.

Micronesica Suppl. 6: 85-92, 2002.

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10. Esguerra, N.M., William, W.S. & J.R. Smith. 1993. Control of the Green Stinkbug, Nezara viridula in the Federated States of Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 4: 65-67. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1993.

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Control of the Green Stinkbug, Nezara viridula in the Federated States of Micronesia

Esguerra, N.M., William, W.S. & J.R. Smith.

Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) has, for many years, been considered a major insect pest of vegetables on Pohnpei, Chuuk and Yap States of the Federated States of Micronesia. The egg parasitoid, Trissolcus basalis, obtained from Hawaii, was released on Kolonia, Nett and Madolenimw, Pohnpei and was recovered readily from stinkbug eggs 4 and 7 months after release. As a result of this introduction, the stinkbug population became so low that it is seldom observed on vegetable plantings on Pohnpei.

Micronesica Suppl. 4: 65-67, 1993.

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10. Denton, G.R.W., R. Muniappan & M. Marutani. 1991. The Distribution and Biological Control of Lantana camara in Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 71-81. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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The Distribution and Biological Control of Lantana camara in Micronesia

Denton, G.R.W., R. Muniappan & M. Marutani.

Lantana camara L. was introduced into Micronesia as an ornamental plant at the tum of the century and quickly established as a significant weed pest throughout the region. Over the past forty years various natural enemies of lantana have been introduced into Micronesia in an attempt to curb the spread of the lantana. However, little information has come out of the area with respect to the establishment and effectiveness of these species. For this reason, surveys were undertaken to assess the status and natural insect enemies oflantana on major islands within the Caroline and Mariana island groups. Lantana was found to be widespread throughout the region although its abundance and pest status varied between islands. At least four different color varieties were noted, the most common of which resembled the Hawaiian Pink, L. camara var. aculeata. Seven of the thirteen exotic insect species introduced into the area were found to have established, although not all were found on all islands where lantana was present. Similarly, certain insects were more effective bio-control agents than others although once again inter-island variability was evident. The five most important insect species, in terms of their distribution and effectiveness, were the tingid bug, Teleonemia scrupulosa Stal; the hispine beetle, Uroplata girardi Pie; the pterophorid moth, Lantanophaga pusillidactyla (Walker); the tortricid moth, Epinotia lantana (Busck), and the pod-fly Ophiomyia lantanae (Froggat).

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 71-81, 1991.

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10. Falgout, S. 1990. Getting to the Truth of the Matter: Prospects and Limitations of Oral Traditions for Archaeological Interpretation in Pohnpei, Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 89-98. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Getting to the Truth of the Matter: Prospects and Limitations of Oral Traditions for Archaeological Interpretation in Pohnpei, Micronesia

Falgout, S.

Oral tradition is used to sample and interpret archaeological sites associated with the Soukiseleng in the Wene area in Pohnpei. The paper argues that careful investigation of oral traditions can enhance the understanding of Pohnpei archaeological sites and settlements and the discovery of the nature and extent of prehistoric pan-Micronesian relations.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 89-98, 1990.

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10. Nakahara, L. 2002. Plant Pest Control in Hawai‘i. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 93-103. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Plant Pest Control in Hawai‘i

Nakahara, L.

About 15-20 new insects become established in Hawai‘i each year, of which one or two become serious pests. The Hawai‘i Department of Agriculture uses four primary strategies based on three methods to control alien plant pests (i.e., pathogens, weeds, mollusks, insects, and other invertebrates). Chemical and mechanical control methods have been used in eradication strategies against incipient pests with limited success. Both methods have also been used with some degree of success in containment strategies against localized pests to slow down their spread or to gain time for development of other solutions. Biological control has been the most successful method applied in Hawai‘i to control pests throughout the State. Integrated control strategies, utilizing all three methods, have also been successful in protecting specific crops while promoting the biological control method. Examples of each strategy are provided.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 93-103, 2002.

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10. Marutani, M. & R. Schlub. 2003. Cultivar Evaluation of Vegetable Soybean on Guam. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 93-100. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Cultivar Evaluation of Vegetable Soybean on Guam

Marutani, M. & R. Schlub.

Vegetable soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) accessions developed at the Asian Vegetable Research & Development Center (AVRDC) in Taiwan were evaluated in Guam cobbly clay soil during dry months of 1996 and 2000–01. In 1996 among five accessions, AGS190 (Veroy #4) and AGS335 (Ryokkoh x Mikawashima) were selected for their high yields. During 2000–01, eleven accessions including eight new germlines obtained from AVRDC were grown in order to identify accessions which produced two or more seeded-pods with good seed quality. AGS360 [Neu Ta Pien #2 x (PI 157424 x KS #8)] was our selection. Although its yield was lower than some other accessions, AGS360 had the largest green pods and seeds, which is a desirable trait for marketing. Further field experiments including on-farm trials should be conducted before local selections are released in Guam.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 93-100, 2003.

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11. Lin, C.Y. 2003. Improving Plant Protection for the Development of Sustainable Agriculture in Taiwan. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 101-112. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Improving Plant Protection for the Development of Sustainable Agriculture in Taiwan

Lin, C.Y.

Pest management is a key factor in sustainable agriculture, particularly for an economy with limited land and natural resources. In view of the general recognition and acceptance of the importance of sustainable agriculture by the public, technologies of plant protection have been improved and measures disseminated to farmers in Taiwan during the past two decades. Presently, the most common non-chemical control methods of diseases and insect pests include uses of healthy seedlings, resistant varieties, cross protection, natural enemies, antagonistic microorganisms, non-pesticide pest-killing materials, sex pheromones, nutrient solution, high-molecular polymers, soil amendment and disinfections, and cultural practices such as crop rotation, net house cultivation, bagging and mulches. Integrated pest management (IPM), featuring pest identification, monitoring and management including timing application of insecticide, is recommended to farmers to prevent pest problems. The mark of Good Agricultural Products (GAP), issued to farmers under governmental guidance and inspection, has already gained the confidence of consumers in providing clean and highquality products. A biochemical method for the rapid bioassay of pesticide residue in vegetables and fruits has been developed and applied in both fields and wholesale markets for screening products and educating farmers. This technique has also been introduced to other Asian countries. In addition, the TARI web site, offering pest management information in sustainable agriculture is accessible through the internet.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 101-112, 2003.

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11. Muniappan, R. 2002. Pests of Coconut and Their Natural Enemies in Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 105-110. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Pests of Coconut and Their Natural Enemies in Micronesia

Muniappan, R.

Common pests of coconut in Micronesia include coconut hispid, Brontispa spp.; red coconut scale, Furcaspis oceanica Lindinger; coconut scale, Aspidiotus destructor Signoret; rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros L.; and New Guinea sugarcane weevil, Rhabdoscelus obscurus (Boisduval). A number of other minor pests also occur in this region. Their distribution, and the history of introduction and establishment of their natural enemies in Micronesia are described. Possible accidental introduction of a destructive pest, Aceria guerreronis Keifer is cautioned.

Micronesica Suppl. 6: 105-110, 2002.

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11. Vargo, A.M., Ali, L., Fruen, K., Sworts, V. & S. Fa'aumu. 1993. The Success of Natural Enemies in Controlling Introduced Pests in American Samoa. Micronesica. Suppl. 4: 69-77. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1993.

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The Success of Natural Enemies in Controlling Introduced Pests in American Samoa

Vargo, A.M., Ali, L., Fruen, K., Sworts, V. & S. Fa'aumu.

Natural enemies keep most pest populations in American Samoa below economically important levels. When new pests (such as Thrips palmi and Piutella xylostella) arrive, they initially cause severe damage. However, within one to two years, natural enemies or perhaps other environmental conditions reduce pest populations. Nevertheless, in some cases, such as that of Othreis fullonia, additional biological controls are needed in order to keep a pest below the economic threshhold. The success of natural enemies in American Samoa may be due to a number of factors: little insecticide usage, thus minimising adverse effects on natural enemies; mixed cropping systems (eg. interplanting with Coleus blumei); and the presence of the virgin rainforest, which may contain alternative hosts and suitable habitats for natural enemies.

Micronesica Suppl. 4: 69-77, 1993.

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11. Waterhouse, D.F. 1991. Biological Control: Mutual Advantages of Interaction Between Australia and the Oceanic Pacific. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 83-92. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Biological Control: Mutual Advantages of Interaction Between Australia and the Oceanic Pacific

Waterhouse, D.F.

Australia and Oceanic Pacific countries share a number of major introduced insect and weed pests and both must endure continuing intrusion of new pests. Some important Pacific pests have already been brought under biological control in Australia and the natural enemies employed will almost certainly be of value also in the Pacific. Conversely, some pests already in the Pacific, but which have not reached Australia (e.g. banana skipper, spiraling whitefly), are targets for biological control programs. If these programs are successful (as they probably will be), the reduction in pest densities should help to delay the further spread of these pests. An additional important benefit is that, if other countries are invaded, tested natural enemies will be readily available. There are clearly mutual advantages in close regional collaboration in biological control activities. Reasons for emphasizing the biological control approach and criteria for selection of target pests are discussed.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 83-92, 1991.

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11. Hanlon, D. 1990. "The Pleasure of Speculation and Conjecture:" Early Euro-American Visions of Nan Madol and their Relevance to Post-Modern Archaeological Investigations. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 99-116. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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"The Pleasure of Speculation and Conjecture:" Early Euro-American Visions of Nan Madol and their Relevance to Post-Modern Archaeological Investigations

Hanlon, D.

Using contemporary post-modern ethnographic discourse as a yard stick, this paper examines the conceptual limitations of early Euro-American descriptions ("visions") of Nan Madol and the ways in which they reflect the context of their times.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 99-116, 1990.

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12. Hara, A.H. 2002. Preventing Alien Species Invasion by Pre-shipment Disinfestation Treatments. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 111-121. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Preventing Alien Species Invasion by Pre-shipment Disinfestation Treatments

Hara, A.H.

Globalization of growing and marketing agricultural crops has increased the invasion of alien species in many parts of the world. A prime example is the spread of the agromyzid leafminer Liriomyza trifolii, originally a major pest of chrysanthemums in Florida. Furthermore, the leafminer was difficult to control because the original population in Florida had already developed resistance to many insecticides. To prevent the spread of alien species, governments must have strict quarantine regulations and consistently reject incoming shipments that are contaminated. Pre-shipment disinfestation treatments are a critical component in the battle to prevent the spread of alien pest species, especially to uninfested areas, throughout global agricultural markets. Promising alternatives to methyl bromide fumigation, such as controlled atmosphere, heat treatment, irradiation, and combinations of treatments, can effectively disinfest perishable commodities, especially tropical cut flowers and foliage and potted plants. Collaboration between academic, government and industry efforts will provide the most effective means of pest detection and exclusion.

Micronesica Suppl. 6: 111-121, 2002.

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12. Miller, R.H. 2003. Probit Analysis of Pesticide Toxicity to Aphids on Guam. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 113-123. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Probit Analysis of Pesticide Toxicity to Aphids on Guam

Miller, R.H.

Three common crop aphid pests on Guam, Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis gossypii Glover, and Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) were examined in laboratory dip test bioassays using three commonly used insecticides, dimethoate, diazinon, and malathion. The LD₅₀, LD₉₀, lethal dose ratios and 95% confidence limits were computed for each aphid-insecticide combination. The LD₅₀ and LD₉₀ for each aphid-insecticide combination were generally low, although there were differences in lethal doses among aphids collected at different sites on Guam. Analysis of the slopes and intercepts of the probit regressions suggests that different detoxification mechanisms or site-specific factors may be operating. Analysis of lethal dose ratios using the lowest lethal dose in an experiment as a baseline suggest that there is little to no detectable insecticide resistance in the aphid populations studied on Guam.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 113-123, 2003.

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12. Knudson, K.E. 1990. Social Complexity on Truk and in the Marianas: Lack of Correspondence Between Anthropological Models and Historical Evidence. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 117-124. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Social Complexity on Truk and in the Marianas: Lack of Correspondence Between Anthropological Models and Historical Evidence

Knudson, K.E.

According to White's theory of energy utilization, the degree of social stratification (social complexity) depends on energy utilization and technological efficiency. While regional, worldwide, and general Micronesian data seem to uphold this theory, the social organizations of Truk and the Marianas seem to be exceptions. The result poses a problem for both archaeologists and ethnologists. This paper explores the Micronesian situation and discusses the Trukese and Mariana anomalies.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 117-124, 1990.

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12. Chiu, C.H. & A. Moore. 1993. Biological Control of the Philippine Lady Beetle, Epilachna philippinensis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), on solanaceous plants by the parasitoid, Pediobius foveolatus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), on Saipan. Micronesica. Suppl. 4: 79-80. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1993.

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Biological Control of the Philippine Lady Beetle, Epilachna philippinensis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), on solanaceous plants by the parasitoid, Pediobius foveolatus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), on Saipan

Chiu, C.H. & A. Moore.

The Philippine lady beetle became a serious pest of solanaceous crops on Saipan after its accidental introduction in 1948. In 1985, Pediobius foveolatus adults were reared from Epilachna varivestis pupae which had been parasitised as larvae in USA. These parasitoids were released into two heavily-infested mixed plantings of eggplant and tomato. In a 1989 survey, P. foveolatus was reared from 80% of E. philippinensis larvae collected. Prior to release of the parasitoid, E. philippinensis was typically controlled using biweekly insecticide applications, but chemical control is now required only occasionally. Rapid success of this program may be due to an abundance of solanaceous weeds (eg. Physalis spp., Solanum nigrum) providing an untreated refuge for parasitoid production.

Micronesica Suppl. 4: 79-80, 1993.

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12. Sands, D.P.A., M.C. Sands & M. Arura. 1991. Banana Skipper, Erionota thrax (L.) (Lepidoptera:Hesperiidae) in Papua New Guinea: a New Pest in the South Pacific Region. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 93-98. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Banana Skipper, Erionota thrax (L.) (Lepidoptera:Hesperiidae) in Papua New Guinea: a New Pest in the South Pacific Region

Sands, D.P.A., M.C. Sands & M. Arura.

Banana skipper, Erionota thrax (L.) (Lepidoptera:Hesperiidae) a butterfly of Southeast Asian origin, was first recorded in Papua New Guinea in 1983. Since 1987, it has spread throughout the mainland from sea level to 2500 m. The larvae feed on all species of bananas reducing fruit yields and preventing the traditional use of leaves for other purposes. No hosts other than Musaceae were recorded for E. thrax in Papua New Guinea. A joint survey by CSIRO and the Papua New Guinea Department of Agriculture & Livestock investigated the natural enemies and abundance of E. thrax as a preliminary to biological control of the pest in Papua New Guinea. Of three egg parasitoids found attacking E. thrax, only Ooencyrtus erionotae Ferriere significantly influenced its abundance. Natural enemies of larvae and pupae were uncommon and an important larval parasitoid of E. thrax in Southeast Asia, Apanteles erionotae Wilkinson, was absent. E. thrax could spread from Papua New Guinea, posing a threat to bananas throughout the south Pacific region.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 93-98, 1991.

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13. Muniappan, R. & M. Marutani. 1991. Distribution and Control of Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae). Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 103-107. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Distribution and Control of Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae)

Muniappan, R. & M. Marutani.

Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson is a neotropical weed, spread all over the humid tropical regions of Asia, Africa and Micronesia. This paper reviews mechanical, cultural, chemical and biological control methods against this weed. Of these methods, biological control either alone or in combination with others seems to be the most promising one to suppress this weed.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 103-107, 1991.

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13. Ikin, R. 2002. International Conventions, National Policy and Legislative Responsibility for Alien Invasive Species in the Pacific Islands. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 123-128. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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International Conventions, National Policy and Legislative Responsibility for Alien Invasive Species in the Pacific Islands

Ikin, R.

National Quarantine Services have legal control of the introduction of animals, plants, pests and diseases in the Pacific. The Secretariat of the Pacific Community’s Plant Protection and Animal Health Services coordinate governments in the implementation of global obligations of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and the Organisation International Epizooties (OIE), principally to protect subsistence agricultural production. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has resulted in the establishment of government agencies for the monitoring and surveillance of the environment, as distinct from agriculture. There is potential for conflicts and duplication when agencies operate under linked but different Conventions. Many Pacific Island countries (PICs) can ill afford duplication of services to regulate transborder movements that pose a risk to agriculture, environment and human health. Environment agencies have primary interest in the local environment and compliance monitoring, whereas quarantine authorities interests are in international trade, cooperation and emergency response. Rationalization of common and duplicated provisions under IPPC and CBD is a subject of current discussions between the Convention secretariats.

Micronesica Suppl. 6: 123-128, 2002.

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13. Nandwani, D. & J. Joseph. 2003. Biological Control of Insect and Plant Pests in the Marshall Islands. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 125-132. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Biological Control of Insect and Plant Pests in the Marshall Islands

Nandwani, D. & J. Joseph.

Pests and diseases, nearly all of which are exotic to the Marshall Islands, cause significant losses to agriculture. The most serious of these include insect pests such as the breadfruit mealybug, coconut scale and spiraling whitefly, which cause severe damage to many food crops and seriously affect crop productivity and overall food security. The number of insect pests and diseases has increased since 1975 as shown by insect survey done in islands of Ailinglaplap, Mejit, Lae, Jaluit, Likiep, Namu, Arno, Woja and Ailuk. Twenty-one new pest species were introduced to Jaluit and Majuro in 1975 of which twelve species were new to the country. Biological control methods have been conducted as an promote environment-friendly pest control method. A number of natural enemies and parasites, including Chilocorus nigritus and Pseudoscymnus anomalus for coconut scale, Rodolia limbata and R. pumila for breadfruit mealybug and Encarsia sp. for spiraling whitefly have successfully been introduced to some island groups. Rodolia limbata has contributed to a significant decline in breadfruit mealybug in the Majuro atoll, Arno atoll, Mejit Island and Ailinglaplap atoll. Pest density for spiraling whitefly and coconut scales are declining, but are, still present the atolls.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 125-132, 2003.

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13. Lucking, L.J. & R.J. Parmentier. 1990. Terraces and Traditions of Uluang: Ethnographic and Archaeological Perspectives on a Prehistoric Belauan Site. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 125-136. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Terraces and Traditions of Uluang: Ethnographic and Archaeological Perspectives on a Prehistoric Belauan Site

Lucking, L.J. & R.J. Parmentier.

This paper combines ethnographic and archaeological perspectives in a study of the earthen terraces of Uluang, an abandoned prehistoric village on Babeldaob Island, Belau. Oral traditions detail the founding and ultimate destruction of Uluang but do not mention the terraces. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Uluang terraces were built well prior to the founding of the village. Their original uses may have been defensive and agricultural.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 125-136, 1990.

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13. Johnson, M.W. 1993. Biological Control of Liriomyza Leafminers in the Pacific Basin. Micronesica. Suppl. 4: 81-92. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1993.

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Biological Control of Liriomyza Leafminers in the Pacific Basin

Johnson, M.W.

The importance of agromyzid leafminers in the genus Liriomyza in the Pacific Basin has increased significantly since 1980. This change in pest status has been associated with the introduction of Liriomyza trifolii and L. sativae to many Pacific islands ranging from Hawaii to Guam above the equator and French Polynesia to New Caledonia below. These species are predominantly pests of vegetable and ornamental crops. On most vegetable crops the leafminers only affect the non-marketable, leafy portions of the plant, reducing photosynthetic capability. Relatively high populations can be tolerated without economic damage, so the potential to control Liriomyza through natural enemies is high.
Numerous parasitoid species have been introduced for Liriomyza control in Hawaii. These include the effective species Chrysocharis oscinidis, Chrysonotomyia punctiventris, Ganaspidum utilis, and Halticoptera circulus. An indigenous species, Diglyphus begini, also occurs in Hawaii. Those providing high levels of control in Hawaii have been introduced into Guam, Pohnpei and Tonga. Research in Hawaii indicates that multiple natural enemies are needed to produce Liriomyza control in a range of crops. Parasitoid presence and effectiveness can differ significantly between crops, with from 6 to 12 species occurring in particular crops. One of the most significant species introduced to Hawaii is Ganaspidium utilis, which quickly made an impact on leafminer densities, successfully competing with previously established parasitoids. Strains of Diglyphus begini, highly resistant to pesticides, have been found in Hawaii and laboratory selection has increased resistance in Ganaspidium utilis. Research is proceeding on the use of entomopathogenic nematodes against Liriomyza.

Micronesica Suppl. 4: 81-92, 1993.

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14. Takeuchi, K., S. Koyano & K. Numazawa. 1991. Occurrence of the Giant African Snail in the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, Japan. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 109-116. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Occurrence of the Giant African Snail in the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, Japan

Takeuchi, K., S. Koyano & K. Numazawa.

The giant African snail, Achatina fulica Bowdich, was introduced from Taiwan into Ogasawara in the 1930's. The population gradually increased during the 1940's and reach high densities in the 1950's. During this period, snails spread over the entire islands and caused serious damage to agricultural crops in spite of hand picking and baiting with metaldehyde. The predatory land snail, Euglandina rosea Ferussac, was introduced from Hawaii to Ogasawara in 1965. However, its population density was very low and it was restricted to a few areas in Chichijima Island. In 1985, we started ecological studies on the life history of A. fulica and the factors responsible for fluctuation of its population density. In 1986, the population density of A. fulica started to decline sharply at all the infested areas. The reasons for this sudden decline of population after a 30-year build up have yet to be identified.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 109-116, 1991.

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14. Pascoe, A. 2002. Strategies for Managing Incursions of Exotic Animals to New Zealand. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 129-135. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Strategies for Managing Incursions of Exotic Animals to New Zealand

Pascoe, A.

A major role of the Animal Biosecurity Group within New Zealand’s Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Biosecurity Authority (MAF Biosecurity) is to detect and respond to ‘post-border’ incursions of exotic animals. This includes exotic animals that are detected after goods are cleared at New Zealand’s borders, and where the path of entry into New Zealand is not known. The Group develops standards which describe surveillance and response mechanisms, co-ordinates the government response when more than one government agency is involved, and may provide input into the development of pest control programs where exotic animal species have started to establish within New Zealand. Since the creation of MAF Biosecurity in 1999, the Group has initiated responses to exotic snakes, frogs, freshwater fish and numerous invertebrates including scorpions, spiders, wasps and ants. Many of these have come from the tropics. Without careful planning and management there is high potential for some of these species to establish within New Zealand. This paper discusses MAF Biosecurity’s exotic animal response and management systems. The recent incursion of the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) to New Zealand is used as a case study to demonstrate how these standards and procedures work in practice.

Micronesica Suppl. 6: 129-135, 2002.

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14. Bonsi, E. & E. Bromfield. 2003. Edible and Non-Edible Value-Added Products Developed from Sweet Potato. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 133 Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Edible and Non-Edible Value-Added Products Developed from Sweet Potato

Bonsi, E. & E. Bromfield.

Research data indicates that sweet potato (Ipmoea batatas) is a natural health food given its high-energy yield, dietary fiber, and vitamin and mineral content. Sweet potato has many desirable qualities, including high productivity, high proportion of edible biomass, easy propagation, good nutritional value, ease of preparation, palatability, flexibility in use, human experience, storage stability, suitability for soilless culture, symbiotic requirements and restrictions, and a short growth cycle. Using some of the above-mentioned criteria to select crops appropriate for Controlled Environmental Life Support Systems (CELSS) on manned space missions, NASA selected the sweet potato as one of the crops in the carbohydrate accumulator group. Hydroponically grown sweet potatoes and field grown sweet potatoes possess similar nutritional content and quality. As a result of the diversified characteristics of sweet potatoes, the Center for Food and Environmental Systems for Human Exploration of Space (CRESH) at Tuskegee University has developed edible and non-edible products for utilization and consumption in space and on earth. Sweet potato syrup, drink, waffles, pancakes, muffins, bread rolls, tortillas, pasta, pound cake, biscuit mix, and leaf and root flour used to enhance other foods are among some of the many edible products developed. Paper made from the stem and leaves of the sweet potato has also been developed. Sensory evaluations of the products have been conducted (and are ongoing) by CFESH. Participating consumers from states including Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Tennessee, Washington, Maryland, Virginia, and Texas (Johnson Space Center in Houston) have thus far indicated high acceptability of the products. It is apparent that an increase in the development and production of valueadded sweet potato products will boost the economic value and marketability of sweet potatoes both locally and internationally.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 133 2003.

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14. Petersen, G. 1990. Some Overlooked Complexities in the Study of Pohnpei Social Complexity. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 137-152. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Some Overlooked Complexities in the Study of Pohnpei Social Complexity

Petersen, G.

The social complexity of Pohnpei has been envisioned primarily as a function of the number of levels of socio-cultural integration it had, and the ideology of Pohnpei chieftainship has been mapped in a one-to-one fashion onto the dynamics of Pohnpei socio-political life. As a result the extraordinary complexity of the relationships between Pohnpeian concepts of rank and the actualities of chiefly authority have been overlooked. Ethnographic data and ethno-historical material are used in an alternative interpretation of Pohnpei socio-political complexity.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 137-152, 1990.

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14. Tsutsumi, L.H., Furutani, S.C., Nagao, M., Sworts, V. & A.M. Vargo. 1993. An Integrated Approach to Adoretus Control in Hawaii and American Samoa. Micronesica. Suppl. 4: 93-98. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1993.

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An Integrated Approach to Adoretus Control in Hawaii and American Samoa

Tsutsumi, L.H., Furutani, S.C., Nagao, M., Sworts, V. & A.M. Vargo.

The Chinese rose beetle, Adoretus sinicus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), is a pest with a large host range in Hawaii. Damage is caused by the adults and is characterised by interveinal feeding on host plant leaves. Similarly, the rose beetle, Adoretus versutus, effects significant feeding damage on many plant types in American Samoa.
Studies are being conducted in Hawaii and American Samoa to develop control strategies for these rose beetles. These studies include: 1) feeding and mating observations, 2) screening of commercially available lures for adults, 3) trials with fungi and nematodes for larval control, and 4) observations of adult feeding patterns.

Micronesica Suppl. 4: 93-98, 1993.

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15. Waterhouse, D.F. 1991. Possibilities for the Biological Control of the Breadfruit Mealybug, lcerya aegptiaca, on Pacific Atolls. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 117-122. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Possibilities for the Biological Control of the Breadfruit Mealybug, lcerya aegptiaca, on Pacific Atolls

Waterhouse, D.F.

The introduced breadfruit mealybug, Icerya aegyptiaca is a major pest in Kiribati and some other Micronesian atolls. It has been brought under effective biological control in the high islands of Micronesia by the introduction of a predatory ladybird beetle, Rodolia pumila. Like most other ladybirds, this species searches effectively at high prey densities, but inefficiently at low densities. When introduced to the relatively restricted atoll environment it soon reduces I. aegyptiaca populations to low levels. It then dies out, apparently being unable to find prey, whereupon there is an upsurge in mealybug populations. One control strategy would be to re-introduce R. pumila whenever mealybug populations reach a pre-determined action level. However, and preferably, other natural enemies could be introduced that might co-exist at low scale densities. In particular, the parasitic fly, Cryptochetum grandicorne, may have appropriate characteristics.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 117-122, 1991.

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15. Bartholomew, R. 2003. Role of the NRCS in Promoting Sustainable Agriculture in the Pacific Basin. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 135 Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Role of the NRCS in Promoting Sustainable Agriculture in the Pacific Basin

Bartholomew, R.

The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) is an agency of the US Depart of Agriculture that provides technical assistance on a voluntary basis to private landowners and local governments to enable them to achieve the sustained use of natural resources. Technical assistance may include the development of resource conservations plans and design of structural and agronomic conservation practices for locations ranging from construction sites to farm fields. Project priorities are set by Soil and Water Conservation Districts that are composed of locally elected or appointed community members to assure that local needs are addressed.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 135 2003.

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15. Pickering, R.B. 1990. An Ethno-Archaeological Investigation of Yapese Mortuary Behavior. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 153-170. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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An Ethno-Archaeological Investigation of Yapese Mortuary Behavior

Pickering, R.B.

Information provided by old persons from a number of Yapese villages was compared with data collected by Mueller to gauge stability and change in Yapese mortuary practices. As an attempt to gain a better understanding of how grave monuments are related to social characteristics of the dead, this paper presents detailed morphological descriptions of graves, informants' interpretations of various aspects of grave monuments, and informants' descriptions of biographical details of decedents interred within.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 153-170, 1990.

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15. Sands, D.P.A., Bakker, P. & F.M. Dori. 1993. Cotesia erionotae (Wilkinson) (Hymenoptera:Braconidae), for Biological Control of Banana Skipper, Erionota thrax (L.) (Lepidoptera:Hesperiidae) in Papua New Guinea. Micronesica. Suppl. 4: 99-105. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1993.

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Cotesia erionotae (Wilkinson) (Hymenoptera:Braconidae), for Biological Control of Banana Skipper, Erionota thrax (L.) (Lepidoptera:Hesperiidae) in Papua New Guinea

Sands, D.P.A., Bakker, P. & F.M. Dori.

The banana skipper, Erionota thrax, a pest of Southeast Asian origin, became established in Papua New Guinea (PNG) in 1983. It subsequently defoliated banana plants throughout most of mainland PNG and, by 1991, had spread to New Britain. The larval parasitoid, Cotesia ( = Apanteles) erionotae, was introduced from Guam into quarantine in PNG, where host specificity tests were conducted by exposing larvae of four species of indigenous Lepidoptera (3 Papilionidae, 1 Hesperiidae) to adult C. erionotae. The behavioural response of gravid female parasitoids and the failure of parasitoids to develop in the these Lepidoptera indicated that, if C. erionotae was released, it would not attack any of the species other than E. thrax. C. erionotae was subsequently released in five mainland Provinces between March and October 1990 and on New Britain between June and October 1991. The parasitoid has since become established in the Central, Western, Morobe and West New Britain Provinces, attacking up to 67% of larvae of E. thrax. At all sites where C. erionotae has become established, populations of E. thrax have declined. Five species of parasitoid have been recorded from eggs of E. thrax in PNG. Prospects for biological control of E. thrax by C. erionotae in PNG appear to be promising.

Micronesica Suppl. 4: 99-105, 1993.

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16. Fatuesi, S., P. Tauili'ili, F. Taotua & A. Vargo. 1991. Cultural Methods of Pest Control on Taro (Colocasia esculenta Schott) in American Samoa. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 123-127. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Cultural Methods of Pest Control on Taro (Colocasia esculenta Schott) in American Samoa

Fatuesi, S., P. Tauili'ili, F. Taotua & A. Vargo.

In December 1989, a Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) of taro agriculture was held in American Samoa. A survey of 32 farmers revealed several traditional methods of insect, disease and weed control. Planting Coleus blumei Beuth in or around a plantation was alleged to control the cluster caterpillar (Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)) and the taro planthopper (Tarophagus proserpina (Kirkaldy)). "Smoking" a field with a torch of coconut fronds 3 times a week reportedly controlled the planthopper. Allowing chickens to roam taro fields in search of cluster caterpillars for food, and leaving a cluster caterpillar-infested field fallow for 3 to 5 months supposedly suppressed cluster caterpillar numbers. Control of weeds was accomplished by mulching with coconut fronds and banana leaves. Using the shade of papaya and banana trees and growing taro in high density or in an intercropped scheme were also identified as weed control measures. Pulled and slashed weeds are frequently used as mulch, and the mat of mulch is periodically turned over to break up any rooted weeds. Paragrass was cited as a "fertilizer" weed and "mile-a-minute" (Mikania micrantha Kunth) was regarded as a helpful plant. Herbicides promoted the growth of a different, more persistent weed population which was more difficult to control. Taro corm rot was controlled by selecting disease-free planting material, replanting in fallowed areas, and avoiding areas near Hibiscus tiliaceus L. trees.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 123-127, 1991.

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16. Athens, J.S. 1990. Kosrae Pottery, Clay, and Early Settlement. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 171-186. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Kosrae Pottery, Clay, and Early Settlement

Athens, J.S.

Recent investigations have disclosed the presence of deeply buried and submerged prehistoric pottery deposits on Kosrae. Radiocarbon determinations with age ranges between 108 B.C. and A.O. 244 indicate that this pottery occupation, known only from a restricted area on Lelu Island, is the locus of the earliest known settlement on Kosrae. Early prehistoric settlement on Kosrae is reviewed, and comparisons with pottery assemblages from Truk and Pohnpei are briefly noted. The highly limited spatial and temporal distribution of Kosraean pottery is tentatively suggested to be the result of the lack of suitable clay resources for pottery manufacture. Geological and geomorphological conditions governing the formation of clay deposits are discussed.

A model focusing on the adaptive role of ethnicity and cultural diacritics is advanced to account for the emergence of the highly distinctive Early Lapila pottery, its later simplification, and finally the cessation of Late Lapila and other pottery manufacture on many isolated Pacific islands. The high islands of eastern Micronesia, including Kosrae, fall within expectations generated by the model.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 171-186, 1990.

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17. Moore, A. 1991. Automated Identification of Insects in Flight. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 129-133. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Automated Identification of Insects in Flight

Moore, A.

Insect wingbeat frequency has been used as a taxonomic character. To test the feasibility of developing instrumentation which monitors the identity and population density of flying insects, wingbeat frequencies of the mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti (L.) and A. triseriatus Say, were recorded using a microcomputer-based instrument which measured light reflected off the wings of individuals in flight. The wingbeat frequency and other spectral components from 403 individual recordings were used to train an artificial neural network. The trained network correctly identified the species and sex of mosquitoes in an independently recorded group of 57 mosquitoes. This technology has potential use for detecting and monitoring a wide range of flying insects.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 129-133, 1991.

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17. Ayres, W.S. 1990. Pohnpei's Position in Eastern Micronesian Prehistory. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 187-212. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Pohnpei's Position in Eastern Micronesian Prehistory

Ayres, W.S.

A synthesis of available archaeological data from Eastern Micronesian islands provides a general understanding of prehistory in this area and a specific assessment of Pohnpei Island prehistory over more than 2000 years. Critical in any late prehistoric sequence formulation for Pohnpei is Nan Madol, and this complex is positioned chronologically and functionally within the broader island context. Possible inter-island relationships, for example, as reflected in the Kachaw complex and similarities between Nan Madol and Kosrae's Lelu complex, are considered.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 187-212, 1990.

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18. Masse, W.B. 1990. Radiocarbon Dating, Sea-Level Change and the Peopling of Belau. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 213-230. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Radiocarbon Dating, Sea-Level Change and the Peopling of Belau

Masse, W.B.

The initial settlement of the Belau archipelago has been widely posited to have taken place by 1500 B.C., a time coincident with documented early occupation in the Mariana Islands. However, recent geological studies and data obtained by Southern Illinois University's Belau Archaeological Program now suggest that the initial successful colonization of Belau took place after A.D. I. The absence of early radiocarbon dates from Yap suggests that Belau's northern neighbor likewise may have been colonized much later than the southern Marianas. This paper critically evaluates aspects of sea-level change, radiocarbon dating and the distribution of early cultural remains in Belau in order to discuss the nature and timing of colonization.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 213-230, 1990.

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Masse 1990	pdf supp02-18ed.pdf (808.94 KB)	808.94 KB

19. Shun, K. & J.S. Athens. 1990. Archaeological Investigations on Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands, Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 231-240. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Archaeological Investigations on Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands, Micronesia

Shun, K. & J.S. Athens.

Extensive archaeological investigations were undertaken along the entire length of the Kwajalein airfield taxiway. Intact prehistoric deposits were documented, and numerous artifacts and archaeological samples were recovered. A lower sediment layer provides evidence for initial human settlement and land use on Kwajalein Islet beginning sometime around 100 B.C. to AD I.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 231-240, 1990.

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20. Solheim, W.G II. 1990. Thoughts on Land and Sea Peoples in Southeast Asia and Their Possible Relationships To Initial Settlement of Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 241-246. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Thoughts on Land and Sea Peoples in Southeast Asia and Their Possible Relationships To Initial Settlement of Micronesia

Solheim, W.G II.

The earliest dates so far reported for initial settlement of Micronesia are from the second millennium B.C. I have hypothesized that by this time in Island Southeast Asia there was a very active maritime network carried on by people I have called the Nusantao. In this paper I look at present day and historic maritime cultures of Southeast Asia which probably developed out of the early Nusanlao and find a great variety in these cultures. Some of them are centered on maritime trade but many combine part-time agriculture on land with part-time fishing or trade by sea. I suggest that the primary settlers of Micronesia-not necessarily the very first people in the islands were Nusantao from the Philippines and eastern Indonesia who were at home both on the land and on the sea.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 241-246, 1990.

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21. Dye, T. & P.L. Cleghorn. 1990. Prehistoric Use of the Interior of Southern Guam. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 261-274. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Prehistoric Use of the Interior of Southern Guam

Dye, T. & P.L. Cleghorn.

The current interpretation of evidence for the prehistoric use of the interior of Southern Guam derives primarily from the work of Fred Reinman. On the basis of survey and excavation Reinman hypothesized that inland settlement on Southern Guam began late in prehistory and/or was infrequent and/or seasonal. Reinman did not comment on the broader issue of how the interior may have been used throughout prehistory. More recent surveys of portions of the Ugum and Inarajan River valleys and published accounts of Reinman's excavations at coastal and river valley sites yield evidence for a more extensive use of the region than adduced by Reinman, possibly beginning over a millennium ago.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 261-274, 1990.

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Dye & Cleghorn 1990	pdf supp02-21ed.pdf (875.75 KB)	875.75 KB

22. Streck, C.F., Jr. 1990. Prehistoric Settlement in Eastern Micronesia: Archaeology on Bikini Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 247-260. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Prehistoric Settlement in Eastern Micronesia: Archaeology on Bikini Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands

Streck, C.F., Jr.

Recent archaeological research on coral atolls in Micronesia suggest that they may have been settled contemporaneous or prior to the high volcanic islands of the region. Research on Bikini Atoll in the northern Marshall Islands has resulted in the identification of extensive prehistoric cultural deposits despite massive modern disturbance from nuclear weapon testing and construction of support facilities. These cultural desposits have been radiocarbon dated to perhaps greater than 3,000 years B.P., despite Bikini's perceived environmental marginality. The cultural remains also exhibited distinct functional specificity and illustrated the geomorphic dynamism of island landforms on coral atolls. The results of this research indicate that cultural adaptation to coral atoll environments may be of great antiquity in Micronesia.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 247-260, 1990.

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23. Bath, J.E. & J.S. Athens. 1990. Prehistoric Social Complexity on Pohnpei: The Saudeleur to Nahnmwarki Transformation. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 275-290. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Prehistoric Social Complexity on Pohnpei: The Saudeleur to Nahnmwarki Transformation

Bath, J.E. & J.S. Athens.

Oral accounts indicate that an island-wide polity under the rule of the Saudeleur titular chiefs was once formed in early prehistoric times and was later transformed or replaced by the Nahnmwarki system in which multiple autonomous polities ruled different parts of Pohnpei. This paper evaluates these accounts against recent archaeological data and attempts to determine whether the transformation represents a substantive change in the complexity of traditional Pohnpeian society.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 275-290, 1990.

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Bath & Athens 1990	pdf supp02-23ed.pdf (1.31 MB)	1.31 MB

24. Peoples, J.G. 1990. The Evolution of Complex Stratification in Eastern Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 291-302. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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The Evolution of Complex Stratification in Eastern Micronesia

Peoples, J.G.

This paper distinguishes the functional and conflict (or coercive) approaches to stratfication. The former claims that stratification develops out of societal-level needs for efficient production, trade, warfare, and other large-scale activities. The conflict approach holds that inequality is rooted in differential control over resources, technology, and personnel, which provide the means for some groups to coerce others and acquire a greater share of material and social rewards. Applying the conflict approach to eastern Micronesian islands, the paper suggests how variable geographic and ecological conditions influenced the development of stratification and the scale of political integration in Kosrae and Truk.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 291-302, 1990.

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25. Ueki, T. 1990. Formation of a Complex Society in an Island Situation. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 303-316. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Formation of a Complex Society in an Island Situation

Ueki, T.

Archaeological evidence from the district of Utwa and ethnohistorical accounts for the island of Kosrae as a whole are shown to support a new model which ties population pressure to the rise of local conflict and the emergence of three social echelons in Kosrae. However, the data presently available are very limited, and more extensive archaeological surveys are still necessary before this or any other model can be put forward with confidence.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 303-316, 1990.

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26. Pietrusewsky, M. 1990. The Physical Anthropology of Micronesia: a Brief Overview. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 317-322. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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The Physical Anthropology of Micronesia: a Brief Overview

Pietrusewsky, M.

Compared with the other fields of anthropology, there have been relatively few studies in Micronesian physical anthropology (Howells 1973). Some early anthropometric work has been done, primarily by German (e.g., Hambruch 1909, Schlaginhaufen 1929) and later, by Japanese (e.g., Hasebe 1938) anthropologists. According to Hunt (l 950), the work by Hasebe is one of the most extensive anthropometric surveys of living Micronesians ever made. Unfortunately, except for a single English translation mentioned in Hunt (1950), the latter's work is published in Japanese.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 317-322, 1990.

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27. Brace, M.L., Y. Dodo, K.D. Hunt, W.R. Leonard, L. Yongyi, S. Sangvichien, S. Xiang-qing & Z. Zhenbiao. 1990. Micronesians, Asians, Thais and Relations: A Craniofacial and Odontometric Perspective. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 323-348. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Micronesians, Asians, Thais and Relations: A Craniofacial and Odontometric Perspective

Brace, M.L., Y. Dodo, K.D. Hunt, W.R. Leonard, L. Yongyi, S. Sangvichien, S. Xiang-qing & Z. Zhenbiao.

Mesial-distal and buccal-lingual dental measurements and seventeen craniofacial measurements were made on specimens from some twenty groups from China, Japan, Southeast Asia, the Philippines, Australia, Melanesia, Polynesia and Micronesia. After the craniofacial measurements had been used to construct Euclidean distance dendrograms, the samples were grouped into three relatively unrelated clusters-Mainland-Asian, Australo-Melanesian and Jomon-Pacific. The Mainland-Asian cluster included Southeast Asian and Chinese Neolithic and modem samples plus Yayoi and modem Japanese samples. The Australo-Melanesian cluster included Australians and samples from island Melanesia. The Jomon-Pacific cluster included the Jomon and Ainu from Japan as well as all the Polynesian and Micronesian samples. Post-Pleistocene dental reduction started earliest and has proceeded furthest in the Jomon-Pacific cluster, especially its northernmost members. The possibility is proposed that the original source of the Austronesian speakers of the Pacific-the Polynesians and Micronesians-may have been the Japanese and Ryukyu archipelago. An in situ transformation of Melanesians into Polynesians is the least likely explanation.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 323-348, 1990.

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28. Hanson, D.B. 1990. Paleopathological Observations on Human Skeletal Remains from Rota, Mariana Islands: Epidemiological Implications. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 349-362. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Paleopathological Observations on Human Skeletal Remains from Rota, Mariana Islands: Epidemiological Implications

Hanson, D.B.

Recently recovered mortuary data from Rota are examined within the context of existing epidemiological models for island populations. It is suggested that the seasonal availability of potable water from catchments along the island's northern coast was a major epidemiological factor in the morbidity and mortality of late prehistoric and early historic coastal populations on Rota.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 349-362, 1990.

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29. Howells, W.W. 1990. Micronesia to Macromongolia: Micro-Polynesian Craniometrics And the Mongoloid Population Complex. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 363-372. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Micronesia to Macromongolia: Micro-Polynesian Craniometrics And the Mongoloid Population Complex

Howells, W.W.

Using previous cranial evidence, this paper considers the Micronesian and the Polynesian populations in terms of their position within the diversity of East Asian populations and meaning for the history of the so-called Mongoloid peoples.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 363-372, 1990.

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30. Pietrusewsky, M. 1990. Craniometric Variation in Micronesia and the Pacific: A Multivariate Study. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 373-402. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Craniometric Variation in Micronesia and the Pacific: A Multivariate Study

Pietrusewsky, M.

Multivariate statistical analyses of craniometric data from Micronesia, circumMicronesian Pacific, Southeast Asia, and East Asia, suggest an east-west division within Micronesia. Other comparisons indicate, however, that while there may have been closer ties between Western Micronesian and Southeast or East Asian populations on the one hand and affinities between Eastern Micronesian and Polynesian populations on the other, there is a basic continuity within all the Micronesian peoples. The analysis does not support the belief that either the Micronesian or the Polynesian populations were derived from Melanesian populations.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 373-402, 1990.

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31. Turner, C.G. II. 1990. Origin and Affinity of the People of Guam: A Dental Anthropological Assessment. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 403-416. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Origin and Affinity of the People of Guam: A Dental Anthropological Assessment

Turner, C.G. II.

Dental morphology of Guam crania is compared with that of other Micronesians, Polynesians, Australmelanesians, and various Asians to assess relationships and probable origins. Using 25 crown and root traits of several thousand individuals, obtained chiefly by archaeological means, clustering analyses of multivariate between-group Mean Measures of Divergence show a major pattern of Pacific Basin affinities with SE Asia. Guam dentition is most like those of some Polynesians and some SE Asians. There is practically no dental support for a close relationship between Guam and Australmelanesians. These findings suggest that the Guam population originated in southern Island SE Asia, either directly, or indirectly by a Polynesian-derived colonization of Micronesia.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 403-416, 1990.

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32. Underwood, J.H. 1990. Population Studies and Historical Demography: Context of Microevolution in Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 417-430. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Population Studies and Historical Demography: Context of Microevolution in Micronesia

Underwood, J.H.

Demographic models derived for Micronesian islands form the basis for developing hypothetical reconstructions of Micronesian population histories. Population data and estimates from archaeological reports, historical sources and censuses are then compared to these simulated outcomes. The results are used to evaluate extant materials and reconstructions of population histories and current processes responsible for the observed biological variability of Micronesian island populations. The study provides a broad demographic framework essential to better understanding of, and more productive research into, the adaptive processes which led to the ecological successes of proto-Micronesian settlers and their descendants.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 417-430, 1990.

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33. Underwood, J.H. 1990. Physical Anthropology in Micronesia: A Closing Statement. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 431-434. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Physical Anthropology in Micronesia: A Closing Statement

Underwood, J.H.

The present session has emphasized in large measure the critical problem of identifying the ancestral origins of Micronesians, of seeking out the roots of the colonizers of the region's many far-flung islands (Brace et al., Howells, Pietrusewsky, Turner this volume). The discovery of new island homes, a process doubtless repeated again and again in an on-going spread across the Pacific was, however, only the first step. Whatever their ancestral sources, Micronesians are the descendants of the members of those founding colonist groups who survived and successfully flourished after reaching each island's shores. Demographic processes were critical in achieving these successes, as also in producing the genetic and biological characteristics of past and living Micronesian populations.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 431-434, 1990.

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